Skeletal System

The skeletal system protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; and it also stores minerals.
The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilages, joints, and ligaments.
The axial skeleton consists of :

• skull
• sternum
• ribs
• vetebral column
• (the sacrum and coccyx)

The appendicular skeleton consists of:

• upper extremities
• lower extremities
• shoulder girdle
• pelvic girdle

The skull is the body's most complex bony structure.

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html

Trivia:

(Answers at bottom of page)

1. An average of 2.6 million ______ ______ ______ are produced each second by the bone marrow to replace those worn out and destroyed by the liver.
2. ______ is typically where bones meet one another.
3. There are _______ crainial bones.

Muscular System

The organ system consisting of the skeletal muscles of the body and their connective tissue attachments.

The arrangement of the body's muscles allows them to either work together or in opposition to achieve a wide variety of movements.

There are over 600 muscles of the body.

Smooth and cardiac muscles are "involuntary".

Skeletal muscles are "voluntary".

Eye muscles are the ones that work the hardest.

http://library.thinkquest.org/2935/Natures_Best/Nat_Best_Low_Level/Muscular_page.L.html

Questions:

(Answers at bottom of page)

1. What is the largest muscle of the body?
2. _________ muscles are attached to bone.
3. Name the 3 different muscle types.

Nervous System

The Nervous System is the fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal as well as external changes by activating the appropriate muscles and glands.

Every thought, action, and emotion reflects the nervous systems activity.

The Nervous System can be divided into 2 parts. The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, which is in the dorsal body cavity. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord.

Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord. The cranial nerves carry impulses to and from the brain.

Neurons (nerve cells) ae the structural unit of the nervous system.

Link to Nervous System website:

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html

Integumentary System

Skin and its derivatives make up the Integumentary system. It provides the external protective covering of the body.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integumentary_system

Trivia:

(Answers at bottom of page)

1. Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidem, and stratum corneum make up the dermis or epidermis layer of the skin?
2. Name 1 function of the skin?
3. Which layer of the Epidermis is only found on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet?
4. Name the 2 layers of the Dermis?

Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism.

The Endocrine gland includes the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus glands.

http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/endocrine.html

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/anatomy_of_the_endocrine_system/article_em.htm

Questions:

(Answers at bottom of page)

1. 
   
   ____________ are chemical messengers created by the body.


2. 
   
   Name 2 major glands of the Endocrine system.

Cardiovascular System

This is the organ system that distributes the blood to deliver nutrients and remove wastes. Blood vessels transport blood , which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps the blood.

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cardio1/intro.html

Respiratory System

Organ that carries out gas exchange;

includes: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Pulmonary.html

True/False:

(Answers at bottom)

1. Actual gas exchange takes place in the alveoli.
2. The trachea is NOT a part of the Respiratory system.

Digestive System

This system processes food into absorbable units and eliminates indigestible wastes, by taking in food, breaking it down into nutrient molecules, absorbing these molecules into the bloodstream, and then ridding the body of the indigestible remains.



The digestive tract can be viewed as a "disassembly line" in which food becoems less complex at each step of processing.

The digestive system involves 6 essential activities:

1. Ingestion- taking food into the digestive tract via the mouth.
2. Propulsion- food moves through the alimentary canal, includes swallowing, which is initiated voluntairly.
3. Mechanical digestion- physically prepares food for (chemical) digestion by enzymes, this includes chewing, using tongue to mix food and saliva, churning food in the stomach, and mixes the food with digestive juices. It increases the efficiency of absorption by repeatedly moving the food mass over the intestinal wall.
4. Chemical digestion- complex food molecules are broken down to their chemical building blocks.
5. Absorption- a mixture of digested end products with vitamins, minerals and water from the GI tract through mucosal cells by active transport into blood or lymph.
6. Defecation- ridding the body of indigestible substances in the form of feces from the anus.

• The small intestine is the major absorption site.
• A muscle called peristalsis pushes the food down to the esophagus.
• The small intestine is 3 grown men tall and 2 fingers wide.
• A typical person harbors more than 400 distinct species of bacteria within the colon.

http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/yrdd/

Urinary System

Female Urinary System


Male Urinary System



The Urinary System is the system primarily responsible for water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and removal of nitrogenous wastes.


Links to Urinary System:
http://library.thinkquest.org/5777/urin1.htm

http://yucky.discovery.com/flash/body/pg000128.html


Questions:

1. Name the "tube" that leads from the kidneys to the bladder.
2. ____ % of urine is water.

Interesting Facts

• Your bladder can stretch to hold up to a pint of urine.
• Blood pressure regulation is an important function of the kidneys.
• Nephron is the "functional unit" of the kidney
• The ancient Romans used urine as a bleaching agent for cleaning clothes.
• Urine has historically been used as an antiseptic. In times of war, when other antiseptics were unavailable, urine, the darker the better, was utilized on open wounds to kill bacteria.

Reproductive System

The Reproductive System is the organ system that functions to produce offspring.

Link for female reproduction system:
http://www.healthsquare.com/fgwh/wh1ch17.htm

Link for male reproduction system:
http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/male-reproductive-system


Questions
(Answers at bottom)

1. Name the 3 external structures of the male reproductive system.
2. Where does conception occur?
3. Each month the uterus goes through a cyclical change, first building up its inner lining to receive a fertilized egg, then, if conception does not occur, shedding the unused tissue through the vagina. What is this process called?

ANSWERS:

Reproductive questions-

1. Penis, scrotum, and testes

2. Fallopian tubes

3. Menstruation

Urinary questions-

1. Urethra

2. 96%

Respiratory questions-

1. True

2. False

Endocrine questions-

1. Hormones

2. Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pineal body, or reproductive.

Integumentary questions-

1. Epidermis

2. Protection, escretion, body temperature regulation, Vit D synthesis

3. Stratum Lucidem

4. Papillary layer and reticulum layer

Muscular questions-

1. Gluteus maximus

2. Skeletal

3. Smooth, cardiac and skeletal

Skeletal questions-

1. Red blood cells

2. Joint

3. 8